to Deaf Awareness
Correct Terms & Usage
What is wrong with the use of these terms: "Deaf-mute", "Deaf and dumb", or "Hearing-impaired"?
Deaf and hard of hearing people have the
right to choose what they wish to be called, either as a group or on an
individual basis. Overwhelmingly, deaf and hard of hearing people prefer
to be called "deaf" or "hard of hearing". Nearly all organizations of
the deaf use the term "deaf and hard of hearing", and the National Association
of the Deaf (NAD) is no exception. The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD)
voted in 1991 to use "deaf and hard of hearing" as an official designation.
Yet there are many people who persist
in using terms other than "deaf" and "hard of hearing". The alternative
terms are often seen in print, heard on radio and television, and picked
up in casual conversations all over. Let's take a look at the three most-used
alternative terms.
Deaf and Dumb -- A relic from the medieval
English era, this is the oldest of all negative labels pinned on deaf
and hard of hearing people. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, pronounced
us "deaf and dumb", because he felt that deaf people were incapable of
being taught, of learning, and of reasoned thinking. To his way of thinking,
if a person could not use his/her voice in the same way as hearing people,
then there was no way that this person could develop cognitive abilities.
(Source: Deaf Heritage, by Jack Gannon, 1980)
In later years, "dumb" came to mean "silent".
This definition still persists, because that is how people see deaf people.
The term is offensive to deaf and hard of hearing people for a number
of reasons. One, deaf and hard of hearing people are by no means "silent"
at all. They use sign language, lip-reading, vocalizations, and so on
to communicate. Communication is not reserved for hearing people alone,
and using one's voice is not the only way to communicate. Two, "dumb"
also has a second meaning: stupid. Deaf and hard of hearing people have
encountered plenty of people who subscribe to the philosophy that if you
cannot use your voice well, you don't have much else "upstairs", and have
nothing going for you. Obviously, this is incorrect, ill-informed, and
false. Deaf and hard of hearing people have repeatedly proved that they
have much to contribute to the society at large.
Deaf-Mute -- Another offensive term from
the 18th-19th century, "mute" also means silent and without voice. This
label is technically inaccurate, since deaf and hard of hearing people
generally have functioning vocal chords. The problem lies with the fact
that to successfully modulate your voice, you need to be able to hear
your own voice. Again, because deaf and hard of hearing people use various
methods of communication other than using their voices, they are not truly
mute. True communication occurs when one's message is understood by others,
and they can respond in kind.
Hearing-impaired -- A term much preferred
by hearing people, largely because they view it as politically correct.
In the mainstream society, to baldly state one's disability (e.g., deaf,
blind, etc.) is somewhat rude and impolite. To their way of thinking,
it is far better to soften the harsh reality by using the word "impaired"
along with "visual", "hearing", and so on. "hearing-impaired" is a well-meaning
word that is much-resented by deaf and hard of hearing people.
Deaf and hard of hearing people feel that
the words "deaf" and "hard of hearing" are not negative in any way at
all. Indeed, the deaf and hard of hearing community views "hearing-impaired"
as negative, because the label focuses on what they can't do. With this
label, a standard has been set: the "hearing" standard. To be anything
other than "hearing" is not acceptable to the mainstream society, and
deaf and hard of hearing people have failed to meet the "standard". To
be fair, this is probably what hearing people did not intend to convey
to deaf and hard of hearing people every time they use "hearing impaired"
as a label. Deaf and hard of hearing people believe that there is nothing
wrong with them, and that their culture, language, and community are just
as fulfilling as the ones experienced by the mainstream society.
What's in a name? Plenty! Words and labels
can have a profound effect on people. Deaf and hard of hearing people
are sensitive as to how they are referred, because they have experienced
being put down and disparaged by other people. They have seen their intelligence,
their abilities, and their skills questioned simply because they are deaf
or hard of hearing. Show your respect for deaf and hard of hearing people
by refusing to use those outdated and offensive terms.
